Cyber security Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cyber security - Coursework Example Despite the mounting threats in cyberspace, it emerges that the cyberspace domain holds key solutions to these threats. The threats are further compounded by fact that threats are anonymous and emerge from a multitude of sources worldwide (Ward, 2000). With prevailing drastic revolution in cyber technology, the human dimension of the security problem cannot be disregarded. The behavior of the users, failure in compliance with security policy and ignorance of cyber threats are common human factors that compromise the overall security of cyberspace. An underestimation of the potential magnitude of a cyber threat due to distraction or ignorance is the main reason for successful cyber attacks. A critical factor to consider when formulating cyber security is the response time to cyber attacks. Incidents of attack happen at cyber speed, but often it takes a while for the management system to detect and respond to the incident. Failure to respond with urgency to cyber attacks increases the company’s vulnerability. Appropriate training of employees on the threat and remedy framework is a critical obligation of any organization. Cyber security threats that can affect important goals In e- commerce for instance, rights of access to digital content have become an issue of immense economic and social significance. Wealthy nations have come under criticism from poor countries for â€Å"information imperialism†, arguing that intellectual property rights are an impediment to overcoming the digital creative and intellectual divide. Consequently, elusive questions have arisen on whether to reinforce these rights, or whether to eliminate all protection in cyberspace all together. The electronic environment provides ease of operation across borders, which renders issues of cyber crime an international affair and which inevitably requires renegotiation of agreements between governments, and signing of new treaties in international mediums. Provision of stability and certainty in the cyber business environment then raises concerns of protecting consumers with emerging threats of electronic fraud, cyber terrorism and crime. The ethical concerns that emerge comprise: personal privacy, protection of copyrights, availability of critical crime information to agencies of law enforcement, hacking and computer technology infringement crime, and many other legal framework aspects formulated for citizen right protection Other than the legal and ethical dimensions, cyberspace issues also have social aspects and implications. It’s not clear from the cyberspace management framework who exactly has authority to manage the rights and privileges of users on the web, and who has the responsibility to ensure that the rights of the individual in are protected cyberspace. More important to note is the fact that both users and content providers will be greatly limited in taking full advantage of the evolution in network technologies, unless users take respons ibility of the uses to which they put web content. Vulnerabilities that can be exploited through cyber crime and cyber warfare Valuable information and content is continuously being posted on the Net by publishers and content providers, but with an increasing concern on how to control access and use of this

Dispute Settlement between States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Dispute Settlement between States - Essay Example Hence, it is a duty of the members of the United Nations to settle international disputes through peaceful means, which may cover either legal or political character. In the internal legal system of a state, it would be generally perceived that the dispute to be settled is legal. That is, when there is a dispute between individuals on rights, duties, and liabilities in accordance to law or legalization, the settlement of such may be carried out by negotiation or conciliation - that is, bringing the dispute to the consideration of a third party body which may act as an "arbitrator." The arbitrator may be a permanent organization of a state which shall serve as the "court," wherein both the arbitrator and the court shall consider the dispute by the principle of law, which essentially means that the rulings of the arbitrator and the judgment of the court shall legitimately bind the disputing parties. In the international legal system, the meaning and scope of the settlement of international disputes are broader than the settlement of internal legal disputes (Hill 1945). ... r since a state cannot be forced to settle international disputes without its consent, implying that the international legal system does not have any mechanism to force any state to settle disputes (Glahn 1970). It is explicit that in the international law, there is not one state, which, without its consent, shall be forced to propose a compromise, arbitration, or any other peaceful means of settling a dispute with another1. The principle of international law evident in the advice of the Permanent Court of International Justice is still deemed practical and accepted by members of the international community because even the United Nations Charter stipulates that there is not any enforcing measure for its members in the settlement of disputes (Glahn 1970). It is however stipulated as a duty of all members of the United Nations that if a dispute is to be settled, the parties concerned shall settle it through peaceful means2. Since issues of international disputes can be of any character, the settlement of international disputes is therefore not always related directly to international law. For example, an international dispute of a political issue may not require international law in consideration. However, even though international disputes of political nature, or of any other nature, are not related directly to international law, the disputing parties have to settle their dispute by peaceful means as s tipulated in the principles of international law and as evident in Articles 2(3) and 33(1) of the United Nations Charter. The disputing parties may exploit any means of peaceful settlement between each other as long as they have mutually agreed upon a direct negotiation between them, such as establishing a joint working group for inquiry of facts, introduction of a